Table 1 Demographics of the Participants and Between-Group Differences
Variables | All (n = 190) | Sample 1 (n = 95) | Sample 2 (n = 95) | \({x}^{2}\)/ p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Â | Â | Â | 0.301 |
 Male _n (%) | 77 (40.5%) | 35 (36.8%) | 42 (44.2%) |  |
 Female _n (%) | 113 (59.5%) | 60 (63.2%) | 53 (55.8%) |  |
Age _ mean (SD) | 77.39 (9.10) | 77.65 (10.16) | 77.13 (7.49) | 0.691 |
Education | Â | Â | Â | 0.908 |
 Illiterate _n (%) | 38 (20.0%) | 20 (21.0%) | 18 (18.9%) |  |
 Lower junior high school _n (%) | 106 (55.8%) | 53 (55.8%) | 53 (55.8%) |  |
 Upper junior high school _n (%) | 46 (24.2%) | 22 (23.2%) | 24 (25.3%) |  |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | 0.230 |
 Marriage (partner) _n (%) | 123 (64.7%) | 54 (56.6%) | 69 (72.6) |  |
 Single _n (%) | 67 (35.3%) | 41 (43.2%) | 26 (27.4%) |  |
Morbidity years _ mean (SD) | 7.17 (3.07) | 7.20 (3.17) | 7.14 (2.98) | 0.882 |
MMSE (n = 170) _ mean (SD) | 14.51 (5.68) | 14.28 (5.65) | 14.75 (5.68) | 0.590 |
CDR (n = 51) |  |  |  | 0.428 |
 0.5 _n (%) | 2 (3.9%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (7.7%) |  |
 1 _n (%) | 16 (31.4%) | 8 (30.2%) | 8 (30.8%) |  |
 2 _n (%) | 23 (45.1%) | 13 (52.0%) | 10 (38.5%) |  |
 3 _n (%) | 10 (19.6%) | 4 (16.0%) | 6 (23.1%) |  |
Current eating ability | Â | Â | Â | 0.037 |
 Independent _n (%) | 133 (70%) | 60 (63.2%) | 73 (76.8%) |  |
 Assistance _n (%) | 45 (23.7%) | 30 (31.6%) | 15 (15.8%) |  |
 Feed _n (%) | 12 (6.3%) | 5 (5.3%) | 7 (7.4%) |  |
Food preference change | Â | Â | Â | 0.557 |
 No _n (%) | 110 (57.9%) | 53 (55.8%) | 57 (60.0%) |  |
 Yes _n (%) | 80 (42.1%) | 42 (44.2%) | 38 (40.0%) |  |
MNA score (n = 188) |  |  |  | 0.314 |
 Normal (>24) _n (%) | 44 (23.4%) | 20 (21.1%) | 24 (25.8%) |  |
 At risk (17-23.5) _n (%) | 101 (53.7%) | 49 (51.6%) | 52 (55.9%) |  |
 Malnutrition (<17) _n (%) | 43 (22.9%) | 26 (27.4%) | 17 (18.3%) |  |