Table 3 Predictor of latent profile membership

Profile 2: Low initiative of help-seeking (vs. Profile 1: Low self-directed learning ability)

 Gender: male, ref.: female

-0.218

0.133

0.804

0.619–1.044

0.102

 Age: 19 ~ 21, ref.: ≤18

-0.051

0.157

0.950

0.699–1.293

0.745

 Age: ≥22, ref.: ≤18

0.004

0.251

1.005

0.615–1.643

0.984

 Place of residence: urban, ref.: rural

0.154

0.097

1.166

0.964–1.411

0.114

 Grade: second-year, ref.: first-year

0.251

0.159

1.285

0.941–1.754

0.115

 Grade: third-year, ref.: first-year

0.035

0.173

1.035

0.738–1.453

0.841

 Grade: fourth-year, ref.: first-year

0.387

0.194

1.472

1.007–2.153

0.046

 Voluntary choice of the nursing major: Yes, ref.: No

0.383

0.102

1.466

1.202–1.789

0.000

 Student cadre: Yes, ref.: No

0.296

0.102

1.342

1.101–1.641

0.004

 Participation in undergraduates’ innovative entrepreneurial training programs: Yes, ref.: No

-0.120

0.111

0.887

0.713–1.103

0.280

 Participation in teachers’ scientific research projects: Yes, ref.: No

0.072

0.155

1.075

0.794–1.455

0.640

 Participation in clinical practicum: Yes, ref.: No

0.548

0.108

1.730

1.401–2.137

0.000

 Career intention: clinical nursing work, ref.: others

0.319

0.192

1.376

0.944–2.006

0.096

 Career intention: further education, ref.: others

0.402

0.195

1.494

1.019–2.191

0.040

 Career intention: non-nursing careers, ref.: others

-0.258

0.216

0.772

0.506–1.180

0.233

Profile 3: High self-directed learning ability (vs. Profile 1: Low self-directed learning ability)

 Gender: male, ref.: female

0.309

0.168

1.363

0.981–1.892

0.065

 Age: 19 ~ 21, ref.: ≤18

0.097

0.213

1.102

0.726–1.671

0.649

 Age: ≥22, ref.: ≤18

-0.002

0.350

0.998

0.503–1.980

0.995

 Place of residence: urban, ref.: rural

0.341

0.133

1.406

1.083–1.826

0.010

 Grade: second-year, ref.: first-year

0.057

0.215

1.059

0.695–1.615

0.789

 Grade: third-year, ref.: first-year

-0.366

0.239

0.693

0.434–1.107

0.125

 Grade: fourth-year, ref.: first-year

0.047

0.261

1.048

0.628–1.749

0.858

 Voluntary choice of the nursing major: Yes, ref.: No

0.477

0.139

1.611

1.228–2.114

0.001

 Student cadre: Yes, ref.: No

0.382

0.147

1.465

1.097–1.955

0.010

 Participation in undergraduates’ innovative entrepreneurial training programs: Yes, ref.: No

0.015

0.155

1.015

0.749–1.375

0.925

 Participation in teachers’ scientific research projects: Yes, ref.: No

0.553

0.195

1.738

1.186–2.546

0.005

 Participation in clinical practicum: Yes, ref.: No

0.474

0.157

1.606

1.181–2.182

0.002

 Career intention: clinical nursing work, ref.: others

0.122

0.268

1.130

0.668–1.911

0.648

 Career intention: further education, ref.: others

0.079

0.273

1.082

0.634–1.846

0.773

 Career intention: non-nursing careers, ref.: others

-0.214

0.302

0.808

0.447–1.460

0.479