Independent variable | Dependent variable | Direct effect | Indirect effect | Total effect |
---|---|---|---|---|
Learning engagement | Self-directed learning ability | 0.817 | Â | 0.817 |
Self-directed learning ability | Critical thinking ability | 0.527 | Â | 0.527 |
Self-directed learning ability | Problem-solving ability | 0.136 | 0.306 | 0.442 |
Critical thinking ability | Problem-solving ability | 0.581 | Â | 0.581 |
Learning engagement | Critical thinking ability | Â | 0.431 | 0.431 |
Learning engagement | Problem-solving ability | Â | 0.361 | 0.361 |