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Table 3 Distributions of psychological distress, spiritual well-being and pain at different time points

From: Association of pain management and positive expectations with psychological distress and spiritual well‑being among terminally ill cancer patients admitted to a palliative care unit

Variable

At admission

 

One week after admission

 

Mean ± SD

 

Mean ± SD

t

p

Pain relieved (N = 40)

     

Depression

11.18 ± 5.43

 

9.51 ± 5.31

2.045

0.048

Anxiety

11.03 ± 5.01

 

9.43 ± 4.31

2.257

0.03

Meaning

9.41 ± 3.27

 

9.45 ± 3.55

-0.13

0.897

Peace

7.43 ± 3.06

 

7.97 ± 2.62

-1.35

0.185

Faith

6.04 ± 4.24

 

7.61 ± 4.15

-2.376

0.022

Pain

7.89 ± 1.87

 

5.23 ± 2.37

8.751

< 0.001

Pain not relieved (N = 44)

     

Depression

9.94 ± 5.43

 

10.36 ± 5.61

-0.693

0.492

Anxiety

9.48 ± 4.84

 

9.5 ± 5.14

-0.033

0.973

Meaning

9.77 ± 3.99

 

8.98 ± 3.92

1.752

0.087

Peace

8.25 ± 3.41

 

7.86 ± 3.46

0.77

0.445

Faith

7.59 ± 5.37

 

6.92 ± 4.92

1.127

0.266

Pain

5.39 ± 3.48

 

6.55 ± 3.06

-4.397

< 0.001

High optimism (N = 42)

     

Depression

7.59 ± 4.67

 

7.44 ± 4.77

0.211

0.834

Anxiety

7.98 ± 4.56

 

7.57 ± 4.21

0.682

0.499

Meaning

11.78 ± 2.89

 

10.88 ± 3.28

2.179

0.035

Peace

9.65 ± 2.98

 

8.45 ± 3.41

2.711

0.01

Faith

9.79 ± 4.49

 

8.88 ± 4.47

1.384

0.174

Pain

5.56 ± 3.44

 

5.35 ± 2.76

0.493

0.625

Low optimism (N = 42)

     

Depression

13.47 ± 4.49

 

12.48 ± 4.94

1.289

0.205

Anxiety

12.45 ± 4.32

 

11.36 ± 4.51

1.378

0.176

Meaning

7.41 ± 2.96

 

7.53 ± 3.42

-0.303

0.763

Peace

6.07 ± 2.45

 

7.38 ± 2.63

-3.255

0.002

Faith

3.9 ± 3.24

 

5.61 ± 4.07

-3.006

0.005

Pain

7.6 ± 2.29

 

6.49 ± 2.78

2.989

0.005

High general self-efficacy (N = 42)

    

Depression

9.48 ± 5.54

 

8.9 ± 5.72

0.923

0.361

Anxiety

9.48 ± 5.42

 

8.76 ± 4.83

1.034

0.307

Meaning

10.49 ± 3.89

 

10.05 ± 3.8

1.054

0.298

Peace

8.82 ± 3.67

 

8.3 ± 3.55

0.991

0.327

Faith

8.85 ± 5.39

 

8.17 ± 5.03

1.061

0.295

Pain

6.04 ± 3.33

 

5.7 ± 3.04

0.914

0.366

Low general self-efficacy (N = 42)

    

Depression

11.57 ± 5.18

 

11.01 ± 5.01

0.68

0.5

Anxiety

10.95 ± 4.39

 

10.17 ± 4.58

1.096

0.279

Meaning

8.69 ± 319

 

8.35 ± 3.51

0.85

0.4

Peace

6.9 ± 2.47

 

7.52 ± 2.49

-1.612

0.115

Faith

4.85 ± 3.36

 

6.32 ± 3.87

-2.382

0.022

Pain

7.12 ± 2.74

 

6.14 ± 2.59

2.248

0.03

  1. Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation