Table 2 Distributions of psychological distress, spiritual well-being and pain in different groups of pain management, optimism and general self-efficacy

11.18 ± 5.43

9.94 ± 5.43

-1.043

0.3

7.59 ± 4.67

13.47 ± 4.49

5.881

< 0.001

9.48 ± 5.54

11.57 ± 5.18

1.785

11.03 ± 5.01

9.48 ± 4.84

-1.444

0.153

7.98 ± 4.56

12.45 ± 4.32

4.612

< 0.001

9.48 ± 5.42

10.95 ± 4.39

1.368

9.41 ± 3.27

9.77 ± 3.99

0.456

0.649

11.78 ± 2.89

7.41 ± 2.96

-6.845

< 0.001

10.49 ± 3.89

8.69 ± 3.19

-2.325

7.43 ± 3.06

8.25 ± 3.41

1.15

0.253

9.65 ± 2.98

6.07 ± 2.45

-6.012

< 0.001

8.82 ± 3.67

6.9 ± 2.47

-2.811

6.04 ± 4.24

7.59 ± 5.37

1.458

0.149

9.79 ± 4.49

3.9 ± 3.24

-6.893

< 0.001

8.85 ± 5.39

4.85 ± 3.36

-4.072

7.89 ± 1.86

5.39 ± 3.48

-4.138

< 0.001

5.56 ± 3.44

7.6 ± 2.28

3.197

0.002

6.04 ± 3.33

7.12 ± 2.74

1.632

9.51 ± 5.31

10.36 ± 5.61

0.712

0.478

7.44 ± 4.77

12.48 ± 4.94

4.752

< 0.001

8.9 ± 5.72

11.01 ± 5.01

1.795

9.43 ± 4.31

9.5 ± 5.14

0.07

0.944

7.57 ± 4.21

11.36 ± 4.51

3.977

< 0.001

8.76 ± 4.83

10.17 ± 4.58

1.365

9.45 ± 3.55

8.98 ± 3.92

-0.572

0.569

10.88 ± 3.28

7.53 ± 3.42

-4.586

< 0.001

10.05 ± 3.8

8.35 ± 3.51

-2.129

7.97 ± 2.62

7.86 ± 3.46

-0.164

0.87

8.45 ± 3.41

7.38 ± 2.63

-1.608

0.112

8.3 ± 3.55

7.52 ± 2.49

-1.169

7.61 ± 4.15

6.92 ± 4.92

-0.698

0.487

8.88 ± 4.47

5.61 ± 4.07

-3.51

0.001

8.17 ± 5.03

6.32 ± 3.87

-1.885

5.23 ± 2.37

6.55 ± 3.06

2.185

0.032

5.35 ± 2.76

6.49 ± 2.78

1.883

0.063

5.7 ± 3.04

6.14 ± 2.59

0.713