A nurse versus a chatbot ‒ the effect of an empowerment program on chemotherapy-related side effects and the self-care behaviors of women living with breast Cancer: a randomized controlled trial

Tawfik, Elham; Ghallab, Eman; Moustafa, Amel

doi:10.1186/s12912-023-01243-7

Table 2 Comparisons of the differences on the frequency, severity, and distress of symptoms within, among and between groups at baseline and post-intervention

From: A nurse versus a chatbot ‒ the effect of an empowerment program on chemotherapy-related side effects and the self-care behaviors of women living with breast Cancer: a randomized controlled trial

Outcomes		ChemoFreeBot (n = 50) mean (SD)	Routine care (n = 50) mean (SD)	Nurse – led education (n = 50) mean (SD)	F(p)	ChemoFreeBot vs. Routine care	ChemoFreeBot vs. Nurse-led education	Routine care vs. Nurse-led education
Symptom frequency
Physical symptoms	Baseline	2.87 ± 0.32	2.83 ± 0.29	2.98 ± 0.31	*147(p < .001)** ^a
	Post-intervention	1.36 ± 0.28	2.78 ± 0.23	2.16 ± 0.53	*76.075(p < .001)** ^b	p < .001 ^**	p < .001 ^**	p < .001**
					*147(p < .001)** ^c
Psychological symptoms	Baseline	2.80 ± 0.38	2.76 ± 0.35	2.76 ± 0.34	*443.192(p < .001)** ^a
	Post-intervention	1.39 ± 0.40	2.00 ± 0.39	2.75 ± 0.30	*63.198(p < .001)** ^b	p < .001 ^**	p < .001 ^**	p < .001 ^**
					*137.908(p < .001)** ^c
Total symptoms	Baseline	2.84 ± 0.33	2.89 ± 0.25	2.80 ± 0.26	*778.765(p < .001)** ^a
	Post-intervention	1.37 ± 0.30	2.10 ± 0.39	2.77 ± 0.21	*97.0(p < .001)** ^b	p < .001 ^**	p < .001 ^**	p < .001 ^**
					*230.811(p < .001)** ^c
Symptom severity
Physical symptoms	Baseline	2.87 ± 0.27	2.95 ± 0.23	2.83 ± 0.22	*749.679(p < .001)** ^a
	Post-intervention	1.43 ± 0.29	2.18 ± 0.47	2.80 ± 0.20	*96.440(p < .001)** ^b	p < .001 ^**	p < .001 ^**	p < .001 ^**
					*220.462(p < .001)** ^c
Psychological symptoms	Baseline	2.90 ± 0.32	2.84 ± 0.33	2.81 ± 0.36	*451.251(p < .001)** ^a
	Post-intervention	1.40 ± 0.43	2.06 ± 0.42	2.78 ± 0.33	*62.137(p < .001)** ^b	p < .001 ^**	p < .001 ^**	p < .001 ^**
					*136.740(p < .001)** ^c
Total symptoms	Baseline	2.88 ± 0.26	2.91 ± 0.22	2.83 ± 0.22	*835.079(p < .001)** ^a
Total symptoms	Post-intervention	1.42 ± 0.30	2.14 ± 0.39	2.79 ± 0.21	*111.596(p < .001)** ^b	p < .001 ^**	p < .001 ^**	p < .001 ^**
					*247.734(p < .001)** ^c
Symptom distress
Physical symptoms	Baseline	2.89 ± 0.26	2.86 ± 0.29	2.97 ± 0.22	*209.281(P < .001)** ^a
	Post-intervention	1.85 ± 0.40	3.00 ± 0.32	2.76 ± 0.22	*77.171(p < .001)** ^b	p < .001 ^**	p < .001 ^**	p = 1
					*189.680(p < .001)** ^c
Psychological symptoms	Baseline	2.91 ± 0.37	2.96 ± 0.33	2.85 ± 0.34	*106.564(p < .001)** ^a
	Post-intervention	1.68 ± 0.71	2.75 ± 0.33	3.00 ± 0.34	*43.003(p < .001)** ^b	p < .001 ^**	p < .001 ^**	p = 1
					*168.057(p < .001)** ^c
Total symptoms	Baseline	2.90 ± 0.27	2.93 ± 0.21	2.84 ± 0.26	*219.276(p < .001)** ^a
	Post-intervention	1.80 ± 0.43	2.78 ± 0.20	3.00 ± 0.30	*80.265(p < .001)** ^b	p < .034 ^**	p < .001 ^**	p = .642
					*234.146(p < .001)** ^c

F: Mixed design Repeated Measures ANOVA test, SD: Standard deviation, *: Statistically significant at p ≤ .05, ** Significant results after Adjustment for multiple comparisons: Bonferroni
Mixed design repeated measures ANOVA test to assess main effect of time before and after intervention ^a, main effect of three programs ^b and interaction to assess the pattern of change of each quantitative outcome variable along time by program ^c.

Back to article page

ISSN: 1472-6955

Contact us

General enquiries: journalsubmissions@springernature.com

BMC Nursing

Contact us