Table 1 Summary of quality assessment of the studies included
| Â | Brewer et al. (2012) [16] | Cho et al. (2012) [21] | Halfer (2011) [27] | Han et al. (2019) [17] | Han et al. (2020) [28] | Kim & Lee (2016) [29] | Lee (2019) [22] | Suzuki et al. (2006) [30] | Suzuki et al. (2008) [31] | Suzuki et al. (2010) [32] | Total (Yes) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Design | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Was the study other than cross-sectional (longitudinal study)? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10 |
Sample | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Was probability sampling used? | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
 Was the sample size justified? | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
 Was the sample drawn from more than one site? | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
 Was anonymity protected? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10 |
 Was the response rate more than 60%? | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Measurement | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Were the independent variable measured reliably? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10 |
 Were the independent variable measured using a valid instrument? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10 |
 Was the nurse turnover variable measured reliably? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10 |
 Was a theoretical model/framework used for guidance? | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Statistical analysis | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 If multiple effects were studied, were correlations analyzed? | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
 Were covariates controlled? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10 |
 Were outliers managed? | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
 Total | 11 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |  |
 Quality | High | Medium | Medium | Medium | Medium | Medium | Medium | Medium | Medium | Medium |  |