Table 3 Comparison of scores of Self-Directed Learning ability, Problem-solving skills, and critical thinking ability before and after between experimental and control groups, mean (SD)
Variables | Control group | Within the group | Experimental group | Within the group | between groups(Pre-test) | between groups(Post-test) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-test | Post-test | p-Valuea | Pre-test | Post-test | p-Valuea | p-Valueb | p-Valueb | |
SDLI | ||||||||
Motivation of learning | 20.45 ± 3.64 | 20.48 ± 2.94 | 0.927 | 20.76 ± 4.07 | 23.54 ± 3.89 | p < 0.001 | 0.491 | p < 0.001 |
Planning and implementation | 19.50 ± 3.32 | 19.83 ± 2.71 | 0.255 | 19.89 ± 4.16 | 22.76 ± 4.39 | p < 0.001 | 0.374 | p < 0.001 |
Self-monitoring | 12.95 ± 3.32 | 13.27 ± 1.97 | 0.117 | 12.75 ± 2.79 | 15.09 ± 2.95 | p < 0.001 | 0.483 | p < 0.001 |
Interpersonal communication | 13.54 ± 2.30 | 13.84 ± 2.07 | 0.175 | 14.01 ± 2.74 | 15.16 ± 3.03 | p < 0.001 | 0.112 | p < 0.001 |
Total | 66.45 ± 9.24 | 67.42 ± 7.47 | 0.195 | 67.40 ± 12.45 | 76.54 ± 13.12 | p < 0.001 | 0.451 | p < 0.001 |
PSI | ||||||||
Positive Problem Orientation | 16.90 ± 2.67 | 17.03 ± 2.42 | 0.551 | 16.87 ± 3.02 | 17.65 ± 3.12 | 0.032 | 0.922 | 0.013 |
Rational Problem Solving | 11.46 ± 3.38 | 12.05 ± 3.41 | 0.055 | 11.60 ± 3.45 | 13.44 ± 4.31 | p < 0.001 | 0.731 | p < 0.001 |
Negative Problem Orientation | 16.16 ± 2.16 | 16.14 ± 2.53 | 0.926 | 16.22 ± 2.34 | 15.20 ± 2.80 | p < 0.001 | 0.798 | 0.837 |
Impulsivity\Carelessness Style | 11.94 ± 2.10 | 11.60 ± 2.25 | 0.082 | 11.64 ± 2.23 | 11.05 ± 2.17 | 0.002 | 0.236 | 0.032 |
Avoidance Style | 19.80 ± 3.21 | 19.32 ± 2.87 | 0.076 | 19.89 ± 3.24 | 18.45 ± 3.45 | 0.001 | 0.801 | 0.048 |
CTDI | ||||||||
truth-seeking | 36.28 ± 6.81 | 36.57 ± 5.25 | 0.172 | 36.96 ± 7.81 | 38.43 ± 6.17 | 0.027 | 0.423 | 0.005 |
open-mindedness | 39.39 ± 5.37 | 39.53 ± 4.15 | 0.467 | 39.92 ± 6.41 | 42.36 ± 6.31 | p < 0.001 | 0.435 | p < 0.001 |
analyticity | 39.82 ± 4.47 | 40.05 ± 4.46 | 0.115 | 39.72 ± 6.08 | 41.30 ± 5.17 | 0.002 | 0.865 | 0.025 |
systematicity | 37.19 ± 5.82 | 37.01 ± 4.99 | 0.175 | 37.34 ± 5.12 | 37.44 ± 6.12 | 0.823 | 0.829 | 0.507 |
critical thinking self-confidence | 38.44 ± 6.36 | 38.67 ± 6.49 | 0.121 | 38.099 ± 7.15 | 40.24 ± 6.45 | p < 0.001 | 0.658 | 0.035 |
inquisitiveness | 39.85 ± 6.92 | 40.21 ± 5.49 | 0.085 | 40.28 ± 7.28 | 41.89 ± 6.97 | 0.008 | 0.600 | 0.020 |
cognitive maturity | 39.18 ± 7.88 | 39.68 ± 5.60 | 0.089 | 40.88 ± 8.80 | 44.72 ± 7.69 | p < 0.001 | 0.077 | p < 0.001 |
Total | 270.15 ± 27.26 | 271.72 ± 20.92 | 0.079 | 273.18 ± 29.20 | 286.39 ± 27.33 | p < 0.001 | 0.351 | p < 0.001 |