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Table 4 GEE logistic regression for inpatient mortality of craniotomy patients by registered nurse staffing level (N = 46,779)

From: Association between registered nurse staffing levels and in-hospital mortality in craniotomy patients using Korean National Health Insurance data

Factors

Variables

Categories

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

OR

95% CI

p

OR

95% CI

p

OR

95% CI

p

Patient

Age (year)

1.01

(1.01–1.01)

<.001

1.01

(1.01–1.01)

<.001

1.01

(1.00–1.01)

<..001

Sex (ref = female)

Male

1.06

(0.99–1.14)

.112

1.07

(0.99–1.15)

.090

1.06

(0.98–1.14)

.146

Type of craniotomy (ref = craniotomy for trauma)

Major craniotomy

1.10

(0.98–1.24)

.116

1.10

(0.97–1.24)

.125

1.11

(0.98–1.26)

.109

Other craniotomy

1.74

(1.52–2.00)

<.001

1.74

(1.52–2.00)

<.001

1.69

(1.48–1.94)

<.001

Complications and comorbidities (ref = moderate)

No

0.29

(0.23–0.37)

<.001

0.30

(0.23–0.38)

<.001

0.28

(0.22–0.36)

<.001

Minor

0.50

(0.45–0.56)

<.001

0.50

(0.45–0.56)

<.001

0.49

(0.44–0.55)

<.001

Admission route (ref = outpatient)

Emergency department

4.43

(3.57–5.50)

<.001

4.65

(3.77–5.74)

<.001

4.37

(3.51–5.45)

<.001

Year of operation (ref = 2014)

2015

0.91

(0.84–0.98)

.019

0.91

(0.84–0.98)

.019

0.91

(0.84–0.98)

.018

Hospital

Type (ref = Secondary hospital)

Tertiary hospital

1.14

(0.90–1.44)

.268

1.16

(0.95–1.42)

.149

1.22

(0.98–1.52)

.076

Ownership (ref = private corporation)

Public sector

0.76

(0.45–1.26)

.287

0.88

(0.51–1.50)

.632

0.75

(0.43–1.30)

.304

Educational foundation

1.21

(0.75–1.96)

.431

1.40

(0.85–2.30)

.190

1.26

(0.76–2.10)

.367

Medical or other corporation

1.04

(0.66–1.64)

.859

1.16

(0.73–1.85)

.525

1.05

(0.66–1.67)

.846

Location (ref = other cities and rural areas)

Capital

1.09

(0.87–1.36)

.440

1.19

(0.96–1.47)

.115

1.09

(0.90–1.33)

.380

Metropolitan cities

1.20

(0.98–1.47)

.082

1.27

(1.04–1.55)

.019

1.19

(0.97–1.46)

.094

Number of craniotomy patients (10-patient increments)

0.99

(0.99–1.00)

<.001

0.99

(0.99–1.00)

<.001

0.99

(0.99–0.99)

<.001

Number of beds per physician

1.02

(0.99–1.05)

.192

1.03

(1.00–1.06)

.096

1.04

(1.01–1.07)

.002

Registered nurse (RN) staffing level

Bed-to-RN ratio in general wards (ref = 4.5 or more (6–7))

< 2.5 (0–1)

0.49

(0.29–0.85)

.010

      

2.5 ≤ and < 3.5 (2–3)

0.50

(0.33–0.78)

.002

      

3.5 ≤ and < 4.5 (4–5)

0.88

(0.54–1.42)

.592

      

Bed-to-RN ratio in the ICUs (ref = 1.25 or more (7–9))

< 0.63 (1–2)

   

0.44

(0.27–0.70)

.001

   

0.63 ≤ and < 0.88 (3–4)

   

0.50

(0.33–0.76)

.001

   

0.88 ≤ and < 1.25 (5–6)

   

0.83

(0.57–1.19)

.311

   

Bed-to-RN ratio in the hospitals overall (ref = 2.50 or more)

< 1.25

      

0.64

(0.46–0.89)

.007

1.25 ≤ and < 1.67

      

0.70

(0.51–0.94)

.020

1.67 ≤ and < 2.50

      

0.78

(0.57–1.06)

.111

  1. OR Odds ratio, CI Confidence interval
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