Table 3 Interventions tested according to their classification

Watson, 1993 [6]

1. Perspective (feeding problems; directing nursing intervention), 2. Research problems (mouthful; individualized changes), 3. Research into feeding problems (index of independence; ethical issues)

*

*

*

Amella, 1998 [24]

1. History and intake assessment, 2. Intake, 3. Cognition, 4. Environment/ambiance, 4. Relationship with caregiver at meal

*

*

*

Manthorpe & Watson, 2003 [25]

No classification

*

*

*

*

*

Watson & Green, 2006 [26]

No classification

*

*

*

Aselage et al., 2011 [7]

1. Factors influencing mealtime difficulties, 2. Interventions to improve mealtime difficulties

*

*

Chang & Roberts, 2011 [27]

1. Initiating feeding, 2. Maintaining attention, 3. Getting food into mouth, 4. Chewing food, 5. Swallowing food

*

*

*

*

Hanson et al., 2011 [28]

1. Studies of high calorie supplements for dementia, 2. Studies of assisted feeding and other intervention

*

*

*

*

Jackson et al., 2011 [29]

1. Educational interventions, 2. Changes to the dining environment and table setting, 3. Changes to menu provision and food service, 4. Increased dietetic input and enhanced nutritional screening

*

*

*

*

Abbott et al., 2013 [21]

1. Food improvement interventions, 2. Food service, 3. Dining environment, 4. Staff training, 5. Feeding assistance (feeding assistance & food service)

*

*

*

Liu et al., 2014 [10]

1. Nutritional supplements, 2. Training/education programs, 3. Environment/routine modification, 4. Feeding assistance, 5. Mixed interventions

*

*

*

*

*

Bunn et al., 2015 [30]

1. Drinking vessel characteristics, 2. Drink characteristics, 3. Physical and social setting for drinking, 4. Institutional factors, 5. Resident assessment instrument minimum data set, 6. Staffing, 7. Ownership and type of facility, 8. Size and location of facility, 9. Care aimed at increasing fluid intake, 10. Care aiming to increase fluid intake and including assistance with toileting

*

*

*

*

*

*

Douglas & Lawrence, 2015 [31]

1. Feeding assistance, 2. Volunteers, 3. Assistance and training programs, 4. Meal service delivery style, 5. Bulk and buffet-style dining, 6. Family-style dining, 7. Dining room environment and ambiance, 8. Lighting and contrast, 9. Music, 10. Other environment-related considerations

*

*

*

*

Liu et al., 2015 [8]

1. Interventions to optimize eating performance, 2. Training programs for residents or nursing assistants, 3. Mealtime assistance from nursing caregiver, 4. Environment modification addressing environmental factors, 5. Multi-component interventions addressing personal and environmental factors

*

*

*

*

*

Abdelhamid et al., 2016 [12]

1. Oral Nutrition supplement, 2. Effects of interventions for swallowing problems, 3. Effects of food and drink modification, 4. Effects of eating and drinking assistance, 5. Effects of interventions with a strong social element around eating and drinking, 7. Finger food, 8. Other food modification, 9. Food modification as part of multi-component intervention, 10. Effects of eating and drinking assistance

*

*

*

Bunn et al., 2016 [32]

1. Dining environment and food, 2. Education/training, 3. Behavioural interventions, 4. Exercise interventions, 5. Multi-component interventions

*

*

*

*

*