Table 1 The association between baseline characteristics and pain at baseline (moderate to severe) and time of healing (any pain)
From: Leg ulcer nursing care in the community: a prospective cohort study of the symptom of pain
| Â | Â | Â | Baseline | Healing | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics1 | Total | VAS ≤ 3 | VAS > 3 | VAS=0 | VAS > 0 | |
(n=396) | (n=250) | (n=146) | (n=231) | (n=111) | ||
Sex | Female | 216 (54.5) | 134 (62.0) | 82 (38.0) | 115 (62.8) | 68 (37.2) |
Male | 180 (45.5) | 116 (64.4) | 64 (35.6) | 116 (73.0) | 43 (27.0) | |
Living situation | Alone | 144 (36.4) | 102 (70.8) | 42 (29.2) | 85 (66.4) | 43 (33.6) |
With others | 252 (63.6) | 148 (58.7) | 104 (41.3) | 146 (68.2) | 68 (31.8) | |
Fully mobile | Yes | 312 (78.8) | 197 (63.1) | 115 (36.9) | 185 (68.8) | 84 (31.2) |
No | 84 (21.2) | 53 (63.1) | 31 (36.9) | 46 (63.0) | 27 (37.0) | |
Non-venous health history | Yes | 240 (60.6) | 143 (59.6) | 97 (40.4) | 142 (70.0) | 61 (30.0) |
No | 156 (39.4) | 107 (68.6) | 49 (31.4) | 89 (64.0) | 50 (36.0) | |
Leg ulcer pain on admission | Yes | 344 (86.9) | 198 (57.6) | 146 (42.4) | 187 (64.7) | 102 (35.3) |
No | 52 (13.1) | 52 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 36 (94.7) | 2 (5.3) | |
Pain at rest/night pain | Yes | 26 (6.6) | 11 (42.3) | 15 (57.7) | 15 (62.5) | 9 (37.5) |
No | 370 (93.4) | 239 (64.6) | 131 (35.4) | 216 (67.9) | 102 (32.1) | |
Medications for leg ulcer pain | Yes | 103 (26.0) | 41 (39.8) | 62 (60.2) | 61 (64.2) | 34 (35.8) |
No | 293 (74.0) | 209 (71.3) | 84 (28.7) | 170 (68.8) | 77 (31.2) | |
Intervention | 4LB | 197 (49.7) | 128 (65.0) | 69 (35.0) | 121 (72.5) | 46 (27.5) |
SSB | 199 (50.3) | 122 (61.3) | 77 (38.7) | 110 (62.9) | 65 (37.1) | |
# Co-morbidities | None | 69 (17.4) | 49 (71.0) | 20 (29.0) | 42 (70.0) | 18 (30.0) |
1 - 2 | 249 (62.9) | 155 (62.2) | 94 (37.8) | 145 (68.1) | 68 (31.9) | |
≥ 3 | 78 (19.7) | 46 (59.0) | 32 (41.0) | 44 (63.8) | 25 (36.2) | |
Previous leg ulcers | Yes | 178 (44.9) | 99 (55.6) | 79 (44.4) | 100 (69.0) | 45 (31.0) |
No | 218 (55.1) | 151 (69.3) | 67 (30.7) | 131 (66.5) | 66 (33.5) | |
Previous compression | Yes | 237 (59.8) | 134 (56.5) | 103 (43.5) | 133 (65.8) | 69 (34.2) |
No | 159 (40.2) | 116 (73.0) | 43 (27.0) | 98 (70.5) | 41 (29.5) | |
Reference ulcer leg | Right | 197 (49.7) | 121 (61.4) | 76 (38.6) | 120 (66.7) | 60 (33.3) |
Left | 199 (50.3) | 129 (64.8) | 70 (35.2) | 111 (68.5) | 51 (31.5) | |
Edema on affected leg | Yes | 334 (85.2) | 214 (64.1) | 120 (35.9) | 192 (66.0) | 99 (34.0) |
No | 58 (14.8) | 36 (62.1) | 22 (37.9) | 36 (75.0) | 12 (25.0) | |
Full flexion on affected leg | Yes | 315 (81.0) | 203 (64.4) | 112 (35.6) | 185 (68.0) | 87 (32.0) |
No | 74 (19.0) | 42 (56.8) | 32 (43.2) | 42 (65.6) | 22 (34.4) | |
Age (years)* | Â | 65.0 (16.7) | 65.4 (16.7) | 64.4 (16.8) | 65.8 (16.7) | 63.9 (16.7) |
Duration of current ulcer (weeks) | ≤ 12 | 206 (52.0) | 125 (60.7) | 81 (39.3) | 129 (69.4) | 57 (30.6) |
> 12 | 190 (48.0) | 125 (65.8) | 65 (34.2) | 102 (65.4) | 54 (34.6) | |
Time to healing | days†| 62 [36/146] | 69 [36/178] | 61 [35/100] | 63 [36/136] | 62 [37/172] |
Area (cm2) – Tracing | ≤ 2.5 cm | 162 (41.9) | 91 (56.2) | 71 (43.8) | 95 (68.8) | 43 (31.2) |
> 2.5 to ≤ 10 cm | 145 (37.5) | 101 (69.7) | 44 (30.3) | 87 (67.4) | 42 (32.6) | |
> 10 cm | 80 (20.7) | 54 (67.5) | 26 (32.5) | 45 (66.2) | 23 (33.8) | |
ABPI on affected leg* | Â | 1.05 (0.15) | 1.04 (0.15) | 1.06 (0.15) | 1.06 (0.15) | 1.04 (0.14) |
McGill Pain Indices†| Sensory | 15.2 [6.1/27.3] | 9.1 [3.0/18.2] | 27.3 [18.2/42.4] | 12.1 [3.0/24.2] | 18.2 [9.1/30.3] |
Affective | 0.0 [0.0/8.3] | 0.0 [0.0/0.0] | 8.3 [0.0/25.0] | 0.0 [0.0/8.3] | 0.0 [0.0/8.3] | |
Total | 11.1 [4.4/22.2] | 6.7 [2.2/13.3] | 22.2 [15.6/35.6] | 8.9 [2.2/20.0] | 13.3 [6.7/26.7] | |
PPI-VAS | 2.0 [0.7/4.2] | 1.0 [0.20/1.8] | 5.0 [3.7/6.4] | 1.8 [0.50/3.6] | 2.3 [1.1/4.6] | |
SF-12 Component Summary Scores* | Physical | 39.0 (9.9) | 39.6 (9.7) | 38.1 (10.0) | 40.3 (9.5) | 37.3 (9.7) |
Mental | 51.5 (9.9) | 53.3 (9.4) | 48.3 (9.9) | 51.9 (10.0) | 49.8 (10.2) | |
Prescribed non-narcotics | Yes | 86 (21.7) | 38 (44.2) | 48 (55.8) | 45 (58.4) | 32 (41.6) |
No | 310 (78.3) | 212 (68.4) | 98 (31.6) | 186 (70.2) | 79 (29.8) | |
Non-narcotics for leg ulcer pain | Yes | 55 (64.0) | 21 (38.2) | 34 (61.8) | 29 (58.0) | 21 (42.0) |
No | 31 (36.0) | 17 (54.8) | 14 (45.2) | 16 (59.3) | 11 (40.7) | |
Prescribed NSAIDS | Yes | 44 (11.1) | 25 (56.8) | 19 (43.2) | 18 (52.9) | 16 (47.1) |
| Â | No | 352 (88.9) | 225 (63.9) | 127 (36.1) | 213 (69.2) | 95 (30.8) |
NSAIDS for leg ulcer pain | Yes | 11 (25.6) | 4 (36.4) | 7 (63.6) | 4 (40.0) | 6 (60.0) |
| Â | No | 32 (74.4) | 20 (62.5) | 12 (37.5) | 14 (60.9) | 9 (39.1) |
Prescribed Opiods | Yes | 31 (7.8) | 8 (25.8) | 23 (74.2) | 17 (63.0) | 10 (37.0) |
| Â | No | 365 (92.2) | 242 (66.3) | 123 (33.7) | 214 (67.9) | 101 (32.1) |
Opiods for leg ulcer pain | Yes | 16 (53.3) | 1 (6.3) | 15 (93.8) | 8 (57.1) | 6 (42.9) |
| Â | No | 14 (46.7) | 7 (50.0) | 7 (50.0) | 8 (66.7) | 4 (33.3) |